Which civilization during the Middle Ages made significant advancements in mathematics and medicine, including the invention of algebra?

The civilization that made significant advancements in mathematics and medicine during the Middle Ages, including the invention of algebra, was the Muslims. This period, particularly from the 8th to the 14th century, is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age. Scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi, who is credited with developing the foundational principles of algebra, played a crucial role in advancing mathematical concepts. The term "algebra" itself is derived from the Arabic word "al-jabr," which appears in the title of his famous work.

Muslim scholars also made substantial contributions to medicine, preserving and expanding upon the knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman texts while introducing innovative practices. They established hospitals, wrote comprehensive medical encyclopedias, and laid the groundwork for modern medical ethics and practices, demonstrating a deep understanding of human anatomy and pharmacology. This combination of advancements in both mathematics and medicine highlights the influence of the Muslim civilization during the Middle Ages, setting the stage for future developments in these fields.