What landmark Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review?

The principle of judicial review allows the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. This principle was firmly established in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803. In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall articulated the idea that it is the duty of the judicial system to interpret the law and ensure that no law or action is contrary to the Constitution. This decision empowered the judiciary by allowing it to overrule both state and federal laws that it found to conflict with the Constitution, thereby affirming the role of the Supreme Court as a check on the other branches of government. This foundational case set the precedent for the eventual development of the judicial system in the United States and is crucial in the context of the separation of powers and checks and balances within the federal government.